I was able to replicate this with a Golem, was at 4/5 for the level 2 achievement, and when I first killed it the achievement immediately popped before the mission ended. Then I restarted, killed it again, finished the mission, and was now at 6/10 for the next level. So it looks like those forms of achievement progress are incremented immediately, without the mission needing to resolve. So technically you can always complete the entire achievement path whenever you encounter a single one in any mission if you're patient enough to redo it 10 times, interesting.